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Life Processes (Ekdum Simple Mein)

​Ye wo saare kaam hain jo ek living body ko zinda rakhne aur maintain karne ke liye zaroori hote hain.

Examples:

Growth, Digestion, Respiration, Circulation, Excretion.

​Nutrition (Khana-Peena)

​Khana lene aur usse body mein use karne ke process ko Nutrition kehte hain. Iske do main types hain:

• ​Autotrophs (Plants): Ye apna khana khud banate hain.
• ​Heterotrophs (Animals): Ye khane ke liye doosron (plants/animals) par depend karte hain.

​Photosynthesis (Plants ka Kitchen)

​Plants apna khana Sunlight aur Chlorophyll ki madad se banate hain.

​Main Equation:

6CO₂ + 12H₂O + Sunlight + Chlorophyll ➜ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ +  6H₂O

Kya-kya chahiye (Raw Materials)?

• ​Sunlight: Energy ke liye.
• ​Chlorophyll: Green pigment jo dhoop ko absorb karta hai.
• ​CO2: Hawa se milti hai (Stomata ke raaste).
• ​Water + Minerals: Jadhon (roots) ke zariye mitti se milta hai.

​Steps kya hain?

• ​Chlorophyll dhoop ko soke (absorb) leta hai.
• ​Light energy, chemical energy mein badal jati hai aur pani (H₂O) toot kar Hydrogen aur Oxygen banata hai.
• ​CO₂ convert hokar Carbohydrates (khana) ban jata hai.

​Stomata (Pattiyon ke Chhote Chhed)

​Ye leaves par chhote-chhote pores hote hain.

​Inka kaam:

• ​Gases exchange: CO₂ andar lena aur O₂ bahar nikalna.
• ​Transpiration: Extra pani ko bhap (vapour) banakar bahar nikal dena.

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​Heterotrophic Nutrition (Doosron se khana lena)

​Jab organisms khud khana nahi bana paate aur doosron par depend hote hain. Iske 3 types hain:

• ​Holozoic: Solid food khana aur body ke andar digest karna (Example: Hum aur Amoeba).
• ​Saprophytic: Mari hui ya sadi-gali cheezon se khana lena (Example: Fungi).
• ​Parasitic: Doosre living organism (host) ki body ke andar ya upar rehkar usse nutrition lena (Example: Jooein/Ticks ya Amarbel/Cuscuta).

​Amoeba mein Nutrition (Kaise khata hai?)

​Amoeba ek single-cell wala creature hai jo apni body surface se khana leta hai.

• ​Pseudopodia: Ye apni cell membrane ko ungli jaisa bahar nikalta hai khane ko pakadne ke liye.
• ​Food Vacuole: Khane ko ek chote bag (vacuole) mein band kar leta hai.
• ​Digestion & Diffusion: Khana break hota hai aur pure cytoplasm mein fail jata hai.

​Nutrition in Humans (Humara Digestion)

​Human body mein digestion ek lambe process se guzarta hai:

Nutrition ke 5 Steps (Quick Revision)

• ​Ingestion: Khana andar lena.
• ​Digestion: Complex khane ko simple banana.
• ​Absorption: Digest hue khane ko sokhna.
• ​Assimilation: Khane se energy banana aur body mein use karna.
• Egestion: Waste ko body se bahar nikalna

​1. Muh (Mouth) se shuruat

• ​Teeth: Khane ko chabane aur peesne ka kaam karte hain.
• ​Tongue: Khane ka taste batati hai aur thook (saliva) ke saath mix karke nigalne mein madad karti hai.
• ​Salivary Glands: Ye thook nikalte hain. Ismein Salivary Amylase naam ka enzyme hota hai jo Starch ko Sugar mein badal deta hai.

​2. Khane ki Nali (Oesophagus)

• ​Ye khane ko muh se pet (stomach) tak pahunchati hai Peristaltic movement (Contract aur relax) ke zariye.

​3. Pet (Stomach)

​Pet mein Gastric Glands hoti hain jo Gastric Juice nikalti hain:

Pepsin: Proteins ko todne wala enzyme.

• ​HCl (Acid): Medium ko acidic banata hai taaki Pepsin kaam kar sake aur germs ko maarta hai.
• ​Mucus: Pet ki deewaron (lining) ko acid se jalne se bachata hai.

Human Digestion (Small & Large Intestine)

​Jab khana pet se aage badhta hai, toh asli digestion yahan hota hai:

​1. Small Intestine (Choti Aankh)

​Ye digestion ka main centre hai. Yahan do bade organs apni cheezein bhejte hain:

• ​Liver: Ye Bile Juice nikalta hai jo fats ka Emulsification (fats ko chote tukdon mein todna) karta hai.
• ​Pancreas: Ye Pancreatic Juice nikalta hai jisme enzymes hote hain:
• ​Trypsin: Proteins ko Peptones mein todta hai.
• ​Amylase: Starch ko digest karta hai.
• ​Lipase: Fats ko Lipids mein badalta hai.
• ​Intestinal Enzymes: Final touch dete hain:

​Carbohydrates ➜ Glucose

​Fats ➜ Fatty Acid + Glycerol

​Proteins ➜ Amino Acid

​Villi: Small intestine mein ungli jaise structure hote hain jo digest hue khane ko blood mein absorb karne mein madad karte hain.

​2. Large Intestine

• ​Yahan sirf bacha hua extra paani absorb hota hai.
• ​Baaki bacha kucha waste (feces) Anus ke raaste bahar nikal diya jata hai.

Respiration (Saans lena aur Energy banana)

​Respiration ka matlab sirf saans lena nahi, balki cell ke andar khane ko tod kar energy nikalna bhi hai.

​1. Breathing vs Cellular Respiration

• ​Breathing: Oxygen andar lena aur CO₂ bahar nikalna.
• ​Cellular Respiration: Cell ke andar glucose ko tod kar energy banana.

​2. Glucose kaise toot-ta hai?

​Sabse pehle Glucose (6-carbon) Cytoplasm mein Pyruvate (3-carbon) banta hai. Iske baad 3 raaste hain:

• ​Oxygen nahi hai (Yeast mein):

Ethanol + CO₂ + Energy banti hai.

• ​Oxygen ki kami (Muscle cells mein): Jab hum zyada exercise karte hain, toh Lactic Acid + Energy banti hai (isi se cramps aate hain).
• ​Oxygen ke saath (Mitochondria mein): CO₂ + Pani + Bahut saari Energy banti hai.

​Human Respiratory System (Saans lene ka system)

​Humari body mein saans lene ke liye ek proper rasta bana hua hai:

• ​Trachea: Ismein C-shape ki cartilaginous rings hoti hain taaki ye pichak (collapse) na jaye.
• ​Alveoli: Lungs ke andar chote-chote gubbare (balloons) jaise structures jahan asli gas exchange hota hai.
• ​Diaphragm: Ye lungs ke neeche ki muscular sheet hai jo breathing mein madad karti hai.

​

Inhalation vs Exhalation (Saans lena vs chhodna)

Gas Exchange Kaise Hota Hai?

• ​Oxygen (O₂): Hawa se Alveoli mein aati hai Blood mein jaati hai  à RBC ke Haemoglobin se dosti (bind) karke pure tissues tak pahunchti hai.
• ​Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Ye blood mein dissolve hokar tissues se Alveoli tak aati hai aur phir naak (nostrils) ke raste bahar nikal di jaati hai.

​Plants mein Respiration:

Inka system simple hai. Ye Stomata (leaves), Lenticels (stems), aur root surface se gas exchange karte hain.

​Transportation (Heart & Circulation)

​Humari body mein food aur oxygen pahunchane ke liye ek Circulatory System hai jisme 3 main cheezein hain: Heart, Blood vessels (Arteries/Veins), aur Blood/Lymph.

​Blood Circulation ka Flow:

• ​Lungs ➜ Pulmonary Vein: Oxygen wala blood heart ke Left Atrium mein laati hai.
• ​Left Ventricle ➜ Main Artery (Aorta): Oxygen wala blood puri body mein bhejti hai.
• ​Body Organs ➜ Main Vein (Vena Cava): Bina oxygen wala (deoxygenated) blood heart ke Right Atrium mein laati hai.
• ​Right Ventricle ➜ Pulmonary Artery: Is gande blood ko saaf hone ke liye wapas Lungs mein bhejti hai.

​

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Blood & Circulation (Humara Blood)

​Blood ek fluid connective tissue hai. Iske do main parts hain:

• ​Solid Component (Cells):
• ​R.B.C.s: Inmein Haemoglobin (Hb) hota hai jo gas (O₂, CO₂) carry karta hai aur blood ko laal rang deta hai.
• ​Blood Platelets: Ye chot lagne par blood clotting (khoon jamne) mein madad karte hain.
• ​W.B.C.: Ye body ke soldiers hain jo germs ko maarte hain aur antibodies banate hain.
• ​Liquid Component (Plasma): Ek peele rang ka liquid jisme 90% paani aur 10% organic substances (proteins, minerals) hote hain.

​Double Circulation

​Humaare heart mein blood ek cycle mein do baar guzarta hai:

• ​Pulmonary: Heart ➜ Lungs ➜ Heart.
• ​Systemic: Heart ➜ Puri Body ➜ Heart.

​Arteries vs Veins

• ​Arteries: Oxygen wala saaf khoon heart se body tak le jaati hain (Thick aur elastic hoti hain).
• ​Veins: Bina oxygen wala ganda khoon body se heart tak laati hain (Thin hoti hain).

Transportation in Plants (Plants mein transport)

​Plants mein do main “delivery systems” hote hain:

• ​Xylem: Ye mitti se paani aur minerals ko jadhon (roots) se baaki parts tak pahunchata hai. Ismein koi energy kharch nahi hoti.
• ​Phloem: Ye leaves mein bane khaane (photosynthesis products) ko plant ke har hisse tak le jata hai. Iske liye ATP se energy chahiye hoti hai.

​Kuch Zaroori Words:

• Transpiration: Aerial parts (pattiyon) se paani ka bhap (vapour) bankar udna. Isse ek ‘PULL’ banta hai jo paani ko upar khinchta hai aur plant ka temperature bhi maintain rakhta hai.
• ​Translocation: Phloem ke zariye khaane ke transport hone ko Translocation kehte hain.

​

Excretory System (Waste nikalne ka system)

​Body se gande waste products nikalne ke liye ye system hai. Ismein ye organs hote hain:

• ​Kidneys: Ye main excretory organ hain jo khoon ko saaf karti hain.
• Ureters: Wo pipes jo urine (peshab) ko kidney se bladder tak le jaati hain.
• ​Urinary Bladder: Jahan urine store hota hai.
• ​Urethra: Wo rasta jahan se urine body se bahar nikalta hai.

​Excretion (Kidney aur Nephron)

​Body se nitrogen wala ganda waste nikalna bahut zaroori hai:

• ​Nephron: Ye Kidney ki asli machine (functional unit) hai jo khoon ko saaf karti hai.
• ​Kaise kaam karta hai?
• ​Filtration: Glomerulus mein ganda waste filter hota hai.
• ​Reabsorption: Kaam ki cheezein (glucose, paani) wapas sokh li jati hain.
• ​Urine: Bacha hua ganda liquid Ureters ke zariye Bladder mein jata hai.
• ​Dialysis (Artificial Kidney): Agar kisi ki kidneys kaam karna band kar dein, toh machine se blood saaf kiya jata hai.

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